50 Years of Satellite Meteorology in India

Abstract

During the last 50 years, satellite-based data have emerged as a very powerful tool in India for applications in day-to-day weather forecasting and atmospheric research. Right from the early stage of commencement of using this new type of data in operational work of weather forecasting from early 1970s, analysis of cloud imagery data has provided useful inputs for better understanding of different weather systems leading eventually to improved forecasts. A major forward step was taken in India from early 1980s when first generation of Indian National Satellite System (INSAT-1) started its operations. There was a significant positive impact of this program on the meteorological services provided by the India Meteorological Department. The program was continued further with INSAT-2 and INSAT-3 series of satellites which are operating even now with much improved payloads as compared to the earlier satellites of INSAT-1 series. Apart from pictures of earth’s cloud cover, a large variety of other types of observations are also now available from meteorological satellites and IMD had started using them appropriately in operations and research work. Satellite data now forms a major input to the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models being run operationally at various centers in India and there is a positive impact of using satellite data. Advanced multispectral-channels based instruments are being planned onboard future Indian satellites of INSAT-4 series which will provide much improved capabilities for meteorological applications. This review article provides complete historical background of developments of space-based observations in India during the last 50 years and the outlook for future prospects.